Object

​ Object

​ function

​ variable

endObject

encapsulate and ignore the low-level details to hide the complexity.

Car.Engine.CruiseControl.setCruiseSpeed(50)

Object-oriented programming

Documenting your code

Good documentation or comments is crucial for programmers to revisit their codes.

Read docs rather than have to read codes line by line.

The answer is to bump up a new level of abstruction and package underlying complexity.

integrated circuits and electronics

silicon wafer

oxide layer

photoresist

photomask

metalization

goodbye, discrete components

each and every model of printer and all devices connected to a computer, what are all called peripherals